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issued September 6 , 1983 in the Soviet Union , commemorating al-Khwarizmi's approximate 1200th anniversary.]] Muhammad ibn Musa al-KhwarizmiHis name is often given as either '''''' “Father of Abdullah, Muhammad, son of Moses, native of , in either Khwarizm or Baghdad , and died around 850 . He was the , as described in his book. ''Algoritmi de numero Indorum'', the Latin translation of his other major work on the Indian Numerals , introduced the Positional Number System and the Number Zero to the Western World in the 12th Century . The words Algorism and Algorithm stem from ''Algoritmi'', the Latinization of his name.''In the foremost rank of mathematicians of all time stands Khwarizmi. He composed the oldest works on arithmetic and algebra. They were the principal source of mathematical knowledge for centuries to come in the East and the West. The work on arithmetic first introduced the Hindu numbers to Europe, as the very name algorism signifies; and the work on algebra ... gave the name to this important branch of mathematics in the European world...'' —A A al'Daffa. His name is also the origin of the Spanish word ''guarismo'', meaning Digit . BIOGRAPHY Few details about al-Khwarizmi's life are known, it is not even certain where he was born. His name indicates he might have came from Khwarizm in the Khorasan province of Persia (now Xorazm Province of Uzbekistan ). The . In Muḥammad Ibn Isḥāq Ibn Al-Nadīm 's ''Kitāb al-Fihrist'' we find a short biography on al-Khwarizmi, together with a list the books he wrote. Al-Khwarizmi accomplished most of his work in the period between 813 and 833 . After the Islamic Conquest Of Persia , Baghdad became the centre of scientific studies and trade, and many merchants and scientists, from as far as China and India traveled to this city--as such apparently so did Al-Khwarizmi. He worked in Baghdad as a scholar at the House Of Wisdom established by Caliph Al-Maʾmūn , where he studied and translated Greek scientific manuscripts. CONTRIBUTIONS from F. Rosen's ''The Algebra of Mohammed ben Musa'' (1831)]] He made major contributions to the fields of Algebra , Trigonometry , Astronomy / Astrology , Geography and Cartography . His systematic and logical approach to solving Linear and Quadratic Equation s gave shape to the discipline of ''algebra'', a word that is derived from the name of his 830 book on the subject, ''al-Kitab al-mukhtasar fi hisab al-jabr wa'l-muqabala'' (الكتاب المختصر في حساب الجبر والمقابلة) or: "The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing". The book was first translated into Latin in the twelfth century. His book ''On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals'' written about 825, was principally responsible for the diffusion of the Indian System Of Numeration in the Middle-East and then Europe . This book also translated into Latin in the twelfth century, as ''Algoritmi de numero Indorum''. From the name of the author, rendered in Latin as ''algoritmi'', originated the term Algorithm . Some of his contributions were based on earlier Persian and Babylonian Astronomy , Indian Numbers , and Greek sources. Al-Khwarizmi systematized and corrected Ptolemy 's data in Geography as regards to Africa and the Middle East . Another major book was his ''Kitab surat al-ard'' ("The Image of the Earth"; translated as Geography), which presented the coordinates of localities in the known world based, ultimately, on those in the Geography of Ptolemy but with improved values for the length of the Mediterranean Sea and the location of cities in Asia and Africa. He also assisted in the construction of a world map for the caliph Al-Ma'mun and participated in a project to determine the circumference of the Earth, supervising the work of 70 geographers to create the Map of the then "known world".Britannica, ''al-Khwarizmi'' When his work was copied and transferred to Europe through Latin translations, it had a profound impact on the advancement of basic mathematics in Europe . He also wrote on mechanical devices like the Astrolabe and Sundial . Algebra See Also: The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing '''' (Arabic: الكتاب المختصر في حساب الجبر والمقابلة “The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing”) is a Mathematical book written approximately 820 AD. The book is considered to have defined . Al-Khwarizmi's method of solving linear and quadratic equations worked by first reducing the equation to one of six standard forms (where ''b'' and ''c'' are positive integers)
by dividing out the cooeficient of the square and using the two operations ''al-ǧabr'' ("completion") and ''al-muqābala'' ("balancing"). Al-ǧabr is the process of removing negative units, roots and squares from the equation by adding the same quantity to each side. For example, ''x''2 = 40''x'' - 4''x''2 is reduced to 5''x''2 = 40''x''. Al-muqābala is the process of bringing quantities of the same type to the same side of the equation. For example, ''x''2+14 = ''x''+5 is reduced to ''x''2+9 = ''x''. Several authors have published texts under the name of ''Kitāb al-ǧabr wa-l-muqābala'', including Abū Ḥanīfa Al-Dīnawarī , Abū Kāmil ,''Rasāla fi al-ǧabr wa-al-muqābala'' . Arithmetic ''Algoritmi de numero Indorum'' ("al-Khwarizmi on the Hindu Art of Reckoning") on Arithmetic, which survived in a Latin translation but was lost in the original Arabic . The translation was most likely done in the 12th Century by Adelard Of Bath , who had also translated the astronomical tables in 1126 . The original Arabic title was possibly ''Kitāb al-Ǧamʿ wa-al-tafrīq bi-ḥisāb al-Hind''.Julius Ruska. ''Zur ältesten arabischen Algebra und Rechenkunst''. ISBN 3533038173. Geography .]] ' map of the world as a comparison. Note how the world is shaped like a dragon on this map, where the dragon's head is Europe . Like on al-Khwarizmi's map the ''Dragon's Tail'' depicts South America , while the area of land above is China .]] Al-Khwarizmi's third major work is his ''Kitāb ṣūrat al-Arḍ'' (Arabic: كتاب صورة الأرض "Book on the appearance of the Earth" or "The image of the Earth" translated as ''Geography''), which was finished in 833 . It is a revised and completed version of Ptolemy 's ''Geography'', consisting of a list of 2402 coordinates of cities and other geographical features following a general introduction.http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Cartography.html There is only one surviving copy of ''Kitāb ṣūrat al-Arḍ'', which is kept at the Strasbourg University Library . A Latin translation is kept at the Biblioteca Nacional De España in Madrid . The complete title translates as ''Book of the appearance of the Earth, with its cities, mountains, seas, all the islands and rivers, written by Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi, according to the geographical treatise written by Ptolemy the Claudian''.In al-Khwarizmi's opinion, "the Claudian" indicated that Ptolemy was a descendent of the emperor Claudius. The book opens with the list of Latitudes and Longitudes , in order of " Weather Zones ", that is to say in blocks of latitudes and, in each weather zone, by order of longitude. As Paul Gallez points out, this excellent system allows us to deduce many latitudes and longitudes where the only document in our possession is in such a bad condition as to make it practically illegible. Neither the Arabic copy nor the Latin translation include the map of the world itself, however Hubert Daunicht was able to reconstruct the missing map from the list of coordinates. Daunicht read the latitudes and longitudes of the coastal points in the manuscript, or deduces them from the context where they were not legible. He transferred the points onto Graph Paper and connected them with straight lines, obtaining an approximation of the coastline as it was on the original map. He then does the same for the rivers and towns. Hubert Daunicht. ''Der Osten nach der Erdkarte al-Ḫuwārizmīs : Beiträge zur historischen Geographie und Geschichte Asiens''. Bonn, Universität 1968. One of the corrections which al-Khwarizmi made in Ptolemy's work is the reduction of the latitude of the Mediterranean from 62° to 52° when, in actual fact, it should be only 42°. The Arab opts for the same zero meridian as Ptolemy, that of the Canaries . The amount of inhabited land extends over 180°. The majority of the placenames used by al-Khwarizmi match those of Ptolemy, Martellus and Behaim . The general shape of the coastline is the same between Taprobane and Cattigara . The Atlantic coast of the Dragon's Tail, which does not exist in Ptolemy's map, is traced in very little detail on al-Khwarizmi's map, but is clear and precise on the Martellus Map and on the later Behaim version. The only real difference is that, on the Ptolemy map, the South America n coast to the south of Cattigara curves west to join the Africa n coast, whereas on the other maps, it curves to the east, north-east and north to form the great Dragon's Tail peninsula, that is to say, South America. This peninsula also exists on al-Khwarizmi's map, as we can see most clearly on Daunicht's reconstruction. As Gallez points out, with the identification of rivers and mountains, we have proved that on the Martellus map this peninsula is in actual fact South America, complete with both the Pacific and Atlantic coasts. After studying the Strait Of Magellan on the al-Khwarizmi map as well as that of Martellus, we can see that Tierra Del Fuego was better known in Baghdad in 833 than in Florence in 1489. Astronomy , in front of the Faculty of Mathematics of Amirkabir University Of Technology in Tehran .]] Al-Khwarizmi's last major work is his ''Zīǧ'' or astronomical tables, which was based on a number of Greek and Indian sources. It included a table a Sine values. The first translation of al-Khwarizmi's Astronomical Tables into Latin was completed by Adelard Of Bath on January 26 , 1126 . Other works Al-Khwarizmi has written several other works including ''Risāla fi istiḵrāǧ ta’rīḵ al-Yahūd'' on the Jewish Calendar , as well as books on using and constructing the Astrolabe . Ibn Al-Nadim in his '' Kitab Al-Fihrist '' (an index of Arabic books) also mentions ''Kitāb ar-Ruḵāma(t)'' (the book on Sundial s) and ''Kitab al-Tarikh'' (the book of History ) but the two have been lost. SEE ALSO
NOTES (right) is handed the 18th '' Khwarizmi International Award '' by Mohammad Khatami (left).]] REFERENCES
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