Information About ™Parma, Italy |
Parma is a Medieval City in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna , famous for its Architecture s and the fine countryside around it. Parma is divided in two parts by the little stream with the same name. The Italian poet Attilio Bertolucci (born in a hamlet in the countryside) wrote: "As a capital city, it had to have a river. As a little capital, it received a stream, which is often dry". HISTORY The city was most probably founded and named by the Etruscans, for a ''parma'' (circular shield) was a Latin borrowing, as were many Roman terms for particular arms, and ''Parmeal'', ''Parmni'' and ''Parmnial'' are names that appear in Etruscan inscriptions. Diodorus Siculus (XXII, 2,2; XXVIII, 2,1) reported that the Romans had changed their rectangular shields for round ones, imitating the Etruscans. Whether the Etruscan encampment was so named because it was round, like a shield, or whether its situation was a shield against the Gauls to the north, is more a matter of choice. The Roman colony was founded in 183 BC , together with Modena . 2000 families were settled. Parma had a certain importance as a road hub over the Via Aemilia and the Via Claudia . It had a forum, in what is today the central Garibaldi Square. In 44 CE the city was destroyed, and August rebuilt it. During the Roman Empire it gained the title of ''Julia'' for its loyalty to the Royal House. The city was subsequently sacked by Attila , and later given by the barbarian king Odoacer to his fellows. During the Gothic War (535–552) , however, Totila destroyed it. It was then part of the Byzantine Exarchate Of Ravenna (changing name to ''Chrysopolis'', "Golden City", probably due to the presence of the army's treasure) and, from 569 , of the Lombard Kingdom of Italy. Parma became an important stage of the Via Francigena , the main Middle Ages road connecting Rome to Northern Europe: several castles, hospitals and inns were founded in the following centuries to host the increasing number of pilgrims. Under the . The struggle between , who was however crushed in the Battle that ensued. Parma fell under the control of 's valley from 1257 to 1682 . The Pallavicino seignory extended over the eastern part of today's province, with the capital in Busseto . Parma's territories were an exception for Northern Italy, as its feudal subdivision frequently continued until more recent years. For example, Solignano was a Pallavicino family possession until 1805 , and San Secondo belonged to the Rossi well into the 19th Century . Between the 14th and the 15th Centuries , Parma was at the centre of the Italian Wars. The Battle Of Fornovo was fought in its territory. The French mantained the city in 1500 - 1521 , with a short Papal parenthesis in 1512 - 1515 . After the foreigners were expelled, Parma belonged to the Papal States until 1545 . In that year the Farnese pope, Paul III , detached Parma and Piacenza from the Papal States and gave them as a duchy for his illegitimate son, Pier Luigi Farnese , whose descendents ruled in Parma until 1731 , when Antonio Farnese (1679-1731), last male of the Farnese line, died. The state was consolidated by Ottavio II Farnese ( 1547 - 1586 ). He also renovated the city's structures to create a true capital for his little but rich reign. In Barbara Sanseverino was executed in the central square of Parma, together with six other nobles charged of plotting against the duke. At the end of the 17th Century , after the defeat of Pallavicini ( 1588 ) and Landi ( 1682 ) the Farnese duke could finally hold with firm hand all Parmense territories. The castle of the Sanseverino in Colorno was turned into a luxurious summer palace by Ferdinando Bibiena . In 1731 ] the combined Duchy Of Parma and Piacenza was given to the House Of Bourbon in a diplomatic shuffle of the European dynastic politics that were played out in Italy. Under the new rulers, however, it faced a certain decadence. In 1734 all the outstanding art collections of the duke's palaces of Parma, Clorno and Sala Baganza were moved to Naples . Parma was under French influence after the . During the Napoleonic Wars ( 1802 - 1814 ), Parma was part of the Taro ''Département'' . Under its French name ''Parme'', it was also created a '' Duché Grand-fief De L'Empire '' for Charles-François Lebrun , the Emperor's Arch-Treasurer, on 24 April 1808 (extinguished 1926). After its restoration by the 1814-15 Vienna Congress , the Risorgimento 's upheavals had no fertile ground in the tranquil duchy. In 1847 , after Maria Luigia 's death, it passed again to the Bourbon , the last of whom was stabbed in the city and left it to his Widow, Luisa Maria of Berry. On September 15 , 1859 the dynasty was declared deposed, and Parma entered in the newly formed provinces of Emilia under Carlo Farini . With the Plebiscite of 1860 the former duchy became part of the unified Kingdom Of Italy . The loss of the capital role provoked an economical and social crisis in Parma. It started to recover its role of industrial prominence after the connection with Piacenza and Bologna of 1859 , and with Fornovo and Suzzara in 1883 . Trade Union s were strong in the city, in which a famous General Strike was declared from May 1 to June 6 , 1908 . The struggle with Fascism lived its most dramatic moment in the August 1922 , when the regime officer Italo Balbo attempted to enter in the popular quarter of Oltretorrente. The citizens organized into the ''Arditi del Popolo'' ("People's assaulters") and pushed back the squadristi. This episode is considered the first example of Resistance in Italy. During World War II , Parma was a strong centre of Partisan presence. It suffered large destructions for bombardments until it was liberated on April 25 , 1945 . MAIN SIGHTS
FRACTIONS Alberi, Baganzola , Beneceto, Botteghino, Ca'Terzi, Calestani, Carignano, Carpaneto, Cartiera, Casalbaroncolo, Casalora di Ravadese, Casaltone, Case Capelli, Case Cocconi, Case Crostolo, Case Nuove, Case Rosse, Case Vecchie, Casino dalla Rosa, Casagnola, Castelletto, Castelnovo, Cervara, Chiozzola, Coloreto, Corcagnano, Eia, Fontanini, Gaione, Ghiaiata Nuova, Il Moro, La Catena, La Palazzina, Malandriano, Marano, Marore, Martorano, Molino di Malandriano, Osteria San Martino, Panocchia, Paradigna, Pedrignano, Pilastrello, Pizzolese, Ponte, Porporano, Pozzetto Piccolo, Quercioli, Ravadese, Ronco Pascolo, Rosa, San Prospero, San Ruffino, Valera, Viarolo, Viazza, Vicofertile, Vicomero , Vigatto, Vigheffio, Vigolante. FOOD Parma is famous for its food: its Cheese " Parmigiano Reggiano " as well as Reggio Emilia ) and Prosciutto Di Parma (Parma Ham) . In 2004 Parma was appointed the seat of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) . TWIN CITIES
SPORT Parma F.C. was founded in 1913. It is a Serie A Football club renowned in Italy and Europe for its successes including three national cups, a European Cup of the Winner's Cup, two UEFA Cups and a European Supercup. It plays in the city's stade Ennio Tardini which can host up to 29,000 spectators. Also Volleyball , Women Basketball , Rugby and Baseball have large popularity in the city and have scored relevant successes. Parma is also home to two Rugby Union teams, Overmach Rugby Parma and SKG Gran Rugby . MISCELLANEOUS Parma hosts the Teatro Regio , a famous Opera Theatre . Stendhal set much of his masterpiece ('' The Charterhouse Of Parma '') in the city, even though there was no "Charterhouse" in real life. Famous people from Parma
Painters and sculptors of Parma
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