__NOTOC__
- Marc Aaronson ( USA , 1950 – 1987 )
- George Ogden Abell ( USA , 1927 – 1983 )
- Antonio Abetti ( Italy , 1846 – 1928 )
- Giorgio Abetti ( Italy , 1882 – 1982 )
- Charles Greeley Abbot ( USA , 1872 – 1973 )
- Charles Hitchcock Adams ( USA , 1868 – 1951 )
- John Couch Adams ( UK , 1819 – 1892 )
- Walter Sydney Adams ( USA , 1876 – 1956 )
- Saul Adelman ( USA , ( 1944 -)
- Agrippa ( Greek , ''unknown'' – 92 )
- Paul Oswald Ahnert ( Germany , 1897 – 1989 )
- Eva Ahnert-Rohlfs ( Germany , 1912 – 1954 )
- George Biddell Airy , ( England , 1801 – 1892 )
- Robert Aitken , ( USA , 1864 – 1951 )
- Al Battani ( Iraq , 850 – 929 )
- Albategnius ''(see Al-Batani)''
- Vladimir Aleksandrovich Albitzky ( Russia )
- Albumasar ( Persia 787 - 886 )
- George Alcock ( UK , 1913 – 2000 )
- Harold Alden ( USA , 1890 – 1964 )
- Hannes Alfvén ( Sweden , 1908 – 1995 )
- Lawrence H. Aller ( USA , 1913 – 2003 )
- Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi , ( Persia , 903 – 986 )
- Viktor Amazaspovich Ambartsumian , ( Armenia , 1912 – 1996 )
- John August Anderson , ( USA , 1876 – 1959 )
- Andronicus Of Cyrrhus
- Anders Jonas Ångström ( Sweden , 1814 – 1874 )
- Eugène Michel Antoniadi ( Greece , France , 1870 – 1944 )
- Petrus Apianus ( Germany , 1495 – 1557 )
- François Arago ( France , 1786 – 1853 )
- Sylvain Arend ( Belgium , 1902 – 1992 )
- Friedrich Wilhelm Argelander ( Germany , 1799 – 1875 )
- Aristarchus Of Samos , circa 310 BC – circa 230 BC )
- Christoph Arnold ( Germany , 1650 – 1695 )
- Svante Arrhenius ( Sweden , 1859 – 1927 )
- Arzachel (Muslim Spain, 1028 – 1087 )
- Goryu Asada ( Japan , 1734 – 1799 )
- Giuseppe Asclepi ( Italy , 1706 – 1776 )
- Joseph Ashbrook ( USA , April 4 1918 – August 4 1980 )
- Arthur Auwers ( Germany , 1838 – 1915 )
- Adrien Auzout ( France , 1622 – 1691 )
- Walter Baade ( Germany , 1893 – 1960 )
- Harold D. Babcock ( USA , 1882 – 1968 )
- Horace W. Babcock ( USA , 1912 – 2003 )
- Oskar Backlund ( Sweden , 1846 – 1916 )
- John N. Bahcall ( USA , 1934 – 2005)
- John E. Baldwin ( UK , 1934 – )
- Benjamin Baillaud ( France , 1848 – 1934 )
- Jean Sylvain Bailly ( France , 1736 – 1793 )
- Francis Baily ( UK , 1774 – 1844 )
- John Bainbridge ( UK , 1582 – 1643 )
- Sallie Baliunas ( USA , 1953 – )
- Benjamin Banneker ( USA , 1731 – 1806 )
- Edward Emerson Barnard ( USA , 1857 – 1923 )
- Johann Bayer ( Germany , 1572 – 1625 )
- Antonín Bečvář ( Slovakia , 1901 – 1965 )
- Wilhelm Beer ( Germany , 1797 – 1850 )
- Sergei Ivanovich Belyavsky ( Russia , 1883 – 1953 )
- Jocelyn Bell Burnell ( Ireland , 1943 – )
- Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel ( Germany , 1784 – 1846 )
- Wilhelm Freiherr Von Biela ( Austria , 1782 – 1856 )
- Ludwig Biermann ( Germany , 1907 – 1986 )
- Guillaume Bigourdan ( France , 1851 – 1932 )
- Biruni ( Persia 973 - 1048 )
- Adriaan Blaauw ( Netherlands , 1914 – )
- Nathaniel Bliss ( UK , 1700 – 1764 )
- Johann Elert Bode ( Germany , 1747 – 1826 )
- Alfred Bohrmann ( Germany , 1904 – 2000 )
- Bart Bok ( Netherlands , 1906 – 1983 )
- Charles Thomas Bolton ( USA , 1943 – )
- John Gatenby Bolton ( UK , Australia , 1922 – 1993 )
- William Cranch Bond ( USA , 1789 – 1859 )
- Alphonse Borrelly ( France , 1842 – 1926 )
- Rudjer Boscovich ( Dalmatia , 1711 – 1787 )
- Lewis Boss ( USA , 1846 – 1912 )
- Rychard Bouwens ( USA , 1972 – )
- Alexis Bouvard ( France , 1767 – 1843 )
- Edward (Ted) L. G. Bowell ( USA )
- Ira Sprague Bowen ( USA , 1898 – 1973 )
- Louis Boyer ( France )
- Ronald N. Bracewell ( Australia , USA , 1921 – )
- James Bradley ( England , 1693 – 1762 )
- Tycho Brahe ( Denmark , 1546 – 1601 )
- John Alfred Brashear ( USA , 1840 – 1920 )
- William Robert Brooks ( USA , 1844 – 1922 )
- Theodor Brorsen ( Denmark , 1819 – 1895 )
- Dirk Brouwer ( Netherlands – USA , 1902 – 1966 )
- Ernest William Brown ( UK , 1866 – 1938 )
- Michael (Mike) E. Brown ( USA )
- Ismael Bullialdus ( France , 1605 – 1694 )
- James Steven Bullock ( USA , 1971 – )
- Margaret Burbidge ( UK , 1919 – )
- Robert Burnham, Jr. ( USA , 1931 – 1993 )
- Sherburne Wesley Burnham ( 1838 – 1921 )
- Schelte J. Bus ( USA )
- William Wallace Campbell ( USA , 1862 – 1938 )
- Annie Jump Cannon ( USA , 1863 – 1941 )
- Luigi Carnera ( Italy , 1875 – 1962 )
- Edwin Francis Carpenter ( USA , 1898 – 1963 )
- James Carpenter ( UK , 1840 – 1899 )
- Richard Christopher Carrington ( UK , 1826 – 1875 )
- Sir John Carroll ( UK , 1899 – 1974 )
- César-François Cassini De Thury ( France , 1714 – 1784 )
- Dominique, Comte De Cassini ( France , 1748 – 1845 )
- Giovanni Domenico Cassini a.k.a. Jean-Dominique Cassini ( France , 1625 – 1712 )
- Jacques Cassini ( France , 1677 – 1756 )
- Bonaventura Cavalieri ( Italy , 1598 – 1647 )
- Anders Celsius , ( 1701 – 1744 )
- Vincenzo Cerulli , ( Italy , 1859 – 1927 )
- Jean Chacornac ( France , 1823 – 1873 )
- James Challis ( UK , 1803 – 1882 )
- Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar ( India , USA , 1910 – 1995 )
- Carl Charlier ( Sweden , 1862 – 1934 )
- Auguste Charlois ( France , 1864 – 1910 )
- Lyudmila Ivanovna Chernykh ( Russia ?, Ukraine )
- Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh ( Russia , Ukraine , 1931 – )
- James Christy ( USA , 1938 – )
- Edwin Foster Coddington ( USA , 1870 – 1950 )
- Jérôme Eugène Coggia ( France , 1849 – 1919 )
- Josep Comas Solá ( Spain )
- Andrew Ainslie Common ( UK , 1841 – 1903 )
- E. J. Cooper ( Ireland , 1798 – 1863 )
- Nicolaus Copernicus ( Poland , 1473 – 1543 )
- Pablo Cottenot ( France )
- Heather Couper ( UK )
- Arthur Edwin Covington ( Canada , 1914 – 2001 )
- Philip Herbert Cowell ( UK , 1870 – 1949 )
- Thomas George Cowling ( UK , 1906 – 1990 )
- Andrew Claude De La Cherois Crommelin ( UK , 1865 – 1939 )
- Heber Doust Curtis ( USA , 1872 – 1942 )
- Jacques Eugène D'Allonville ( France , 1671 – 1732 )
- Andre Louis Danjon ( France , 1890 – 1967 )
- Heinrich D'Arrest ( Germany , 1822 – 1875 )
- George Howard Darwin ( UK , 1845 – 1912 )
- William Rutter Dawes ( UK , 1799 – 1868 )
- Bernard Dawson ( Argentina , 1890 – 1960 )
- Leo De Ball ( Germany , Austria , 1853 – 1916 )
- Henri Debehogne ( Belgium )
- Annibale De Gasparis ( Italy , 1819 – 1892 )
- Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre ( France , 1749 – 1822 )
- Charles-Eugène Delaunay ( France , 1816 – 1872 )
- Eugène Joseph Delporte ( Belgium , 1882 – 1955 )
- Audrey Delsanti
- William Frederick Denning ( UK , 1848 – 1931 )
- Alíz Derekas ( Hungary , 1977 – )
- Willem De Sitter ( Netherlands , 1872 – 1934 )
- Henri-Alexandre Deslandres ( France , 1853 – 1948 )
- Alexander Nikolaevich Deutsch ( Russia )
- Gérard De Vaucouleurs ( France , USA , 1918 – 1995 )
- Robert Dicke ( USA , 1916 – 1997 )
- Terence Dickinson , ( Canada ), astronomer and author
- Thomas Digges ( England , 1546 – 1595 )
- Herbert Dingle ( USA , 1890 – 1978 )
- Andrea Di Paola ( Italy )
- John Dobson ( 1915 – )
- Franjo Dominko , ( Slovenia , 1903 – 1987 )
- Giovanni Battista Donati , ( Italy , 1826 – 1873 )
- Frank Drake ( USA , 1930 – )
- Henry Draper ( USA , 1837 – 1882 )
- John Dreyer ( Ireland , 1852 – 1926 )
- Alexander D. Dubyago ( Russia ), 1903 – 1959 )
- Dmitrij I. Dubyago ( Russia ), 1850 – 1918 )
- Jean C. B. Dufay ( France , 1896 – 1967 )
- Raymond Smith Dugan ( USA , 1878 – 1940 )
- Frank Watson Dyson ( UK , 1868 – 1939 )
- Arthur Eddington ( England , 1882 – 1944 )
- Frank K. Edmondson , ( USA ), (born 1912 )
- Olin J. Eggen ( USA , 1919 – 1998 )
- Eise Eisinga ( Netherlands , 1744 – 1828 )
- Eric Elst ( Belgium )
- Johann Franz Encke ( Germany , 1791 – 1865 )
- Eratosthenes ( Alexandria , 276 BC – 194 BC )
- Emil Ernst (Ph.D. Germany )
- Ernest Esclangon , ( France , 1876 – 1954 )
- Larry W. Esposito ( USA )
- Eudoxus ( Cnidus , circa 408 BC – circa 347 BC )
- David Fabricius ( Netherlands , 1564 – 1617 )
- Sandra M. Faber ( USA , 1945 -)
- Johannes Fabricius ( Netherlands , 1587 – 1615 )
- Hervé Faye ( 1814 – 1902 )
- Charles Fehrenbach ( France , 1914 – )
- Farghani ( Persia , d. after 861 )
- James Ferguson ( USA , 1797 – 1867 )
- Erwin Finlay-Freundlich ( 1885 – 1964 )
- Axel Firsoff ( UK , 1910 – 1981 )
- J. Richard Fisher
- Camille Flammarion ( France , 1842 – 1925 )
- Gabrielle Renaudot Flammarion ( France , 1867 – 1962 )
- John Flamsteed , ( England , 1646 – 1719 )
- Honoré Flaugergues ( France , 1755 – 1835 )
- Williamina Fleming ( USA , 1857 – 1911 )
- Wilhelm Julius Foerster ( Germany , 1832 – 1921 )
- Alfred Fowler ( UK , 1868 – 1940 )
- William Alfred Fowler ( USA , 1911 – 1995 )
- Philip Fox ( USA , 1878 – 1944 )
- Herbert Friedman ( USA , 1916 – )
- Dirk D. Frimout , ( Belgium , 1941 – ), engineer and cosmonaut
- Edwin Brant Frost ( USA , 1866 – 1935 )
- Galileo Galilei ( Italy , 1564 – 1642 )
- Julio Garavito Armero
- Johann Gottfried Galle ( Germany , 1812 – 1910 )
- George Gamow ( Russia , USA , 1904 – 1968 )
- Carl Friedrich Gauss ( Germany , 1777 – 1855 )
- Tom Gehrels ( Netherlands , USA , 1925 – )
- Andrea Ghez ( USA )
- Riccardo Giacconi ( Italy , 1931 – )
- Michel Giacobini ( France , 1873 – 1938 )
- Henry Lee Giclas ( USA )
- David Gill ( UK , 1843 – 1914 )
- Thomas Gold ( USA , 1920 – 2004 )
- Leo Goldberg ( USA , 1913 – 1987 )
- Peter Goldreich ( USA , 1939 – )
- Hermann Mayer Salomon Goldschmidt ( Germany , 1802 – 1866 )
- Paul Goldsmith ( USA , 1948 – )
- François Gonnessiat ( France , 1856 – 1934 )
- John Goodricke ( UK , 1764 – 1786 )
- Abu Sa'id Gorgani ( Persia , 9th century)
- Paul Götz ( Germany )
- Benjamin Apthorp Gould ( USA , 1824 – 1896 )
- Andrew Graham ( Ireland , 1815 – 1907 )
- Charles Green ( England , 1735 – 1771 )
- Jesse Greenstein ( USA , 1909 – 2002 )
- Bengt Gustafsson , ( Sweden )
- Alan Harvey Guth ( USA , 1947 – )
- Yusuke Hagihara ( Japan , 1897 – 1979 )
- George Ellery Hale ( USA , 1868 – 1938 )
- Asaph Hall ( USA , 1829 – 1907 )
- Edmond Halley ( England , 1656 – 1742 )
- Peter Andreas Hansen ( December 8 , 1795 – March 28 1874 )
- Abulfazl Harawi ( Persia , 10th century)
- Karl Ludwig Harding ( Germany , 1765 – 1834 )
- Thomas Hariot ( UK , 1560 – 1621 )
- Guillermo Haro ( Mexico , 1913 – 1988 )
- Robert G. Harrington ( USA )
- Robert Sutton Harrington ( USA , 1942 – 1993 )
- William Kenneth Hartmann ( USA , 1939 – )
- Stephen Hawking ( UK , 1942 – )
- Will Hay ( UK , 1888 - 1949 )
- Otto Hermann Leopold Heckmann ( Germany , 1901 – 1983 )
- Joseph Helffrich ( Germany )
- Eleanor Helin ( USA )
- Maximilian Hell ( Austria-Hungary , 1720 – 1792 )
- Karl Ludwig Hencke ( Germany , 1793 – 1866 )
- Thomas Henderson ( Scotland , 1798 – 1844 )
- Paul Henry ( France , 1848 – 1905 )
- Prosper Henry ( France , 1849 – 1903 )
- George Howard Herbig ( USA , 1920 – )
- Caroline Herschel ( UK , 1750 – 1848 )
- John Herschel ( UK , 1792 – 1871 )
- William Herschel ( UK , 1738 – 1822 )
- Ejnar Hertzsprung ( Denmark , 1873 – 1967 )
- Johannes Hevelius ( Poland , 1611 – 1687 )
- Antony Hewish ( UK , 1924 – )
- George William Hill ( USA , 1838 – 1914 )
- John Russell Hind ( UK , 1823 – 1895 )
- Frederick Hinkle ( UK , – )
- Hipparchus ( Nicaea , circa 190 BC – 120 BC )
- Kiyotsugu Hirayama ( Japan , 1874 – 1943 )
- Shin Hirayama ( Japan , 1868 – 1945 )
- Gustave-Adolphe Hirn ( France , 1815 – 1890 )
- Cuno Hoffmeister ( Germany , 1892 – 1968 )
- Dorrit Hoffleit ( USA , 1907 – )
- Helen Sawyer Hogg ( Canada , 1905 – 1993 )
- Minoru Honda ( Japan , 1917 – 1990 )
- Jeremiah Horrocks ( UK , c 1619 – 1641 )
- Fred Hoyle ( UK , 1915 – 2001 )
- Edwin Powell Hubble ( USA , 1889 – 1953 )
- William Huggins ( UK , 1824 – 1910 )
- Russell Alan Hulse ( USA , 1950 – )
- Christiaan Huygens ( Netherlands , 1629 – 1695 )
- Josef Allen Hynek ( USA , 1910 – 1986 )
- Franz Kaiser ( Germany , 1891 – 1962 )
- Jacobus Kapteyn ( Netherlands , 1851 – 1922 )
- Lyudmila Georgievna Karachkina ( Ukraine )
- Ghiyath Al-Kashi ( Persia , 1380 - 1429 )
- James Edward Keeler ( USA , 1857 – 1900 )
- Muraoka Kenji , ( Japan , 1955 – )
- Johannes Kepler ( Germany , 1571 – 1630 )
- Omar Khayyám ( Persia , 1048 – 1131 )
- Al-Khujandi ( Persia , 10th century)
- Khwarizmi , ( Persia , 780 – 850 )
- Kidinnu ( Babylon , circa 400 BC – 310 BC )
- Hisashi Kimura ( Japan , 1870 – 1943 )
- Daniel Kirkwood ( 1814 – 1895 )
- Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm Klinkerfues ( Germany , 1827 – 1884 )
- Viktor Knorre ( Russia , 1840 – 1919 )
- Takao Kobayashi ( Japan )
- Luboš Kohoutek ( 1935 – )
- Zdeněk Kopal ( Czech Republic , UK , USA , 1914 – 1993 )
- August Kopff ( Germany , 1882 – 1960 )
- Korado Korlević ( Craotia )
- Savvas Michael Koushiappas ( Cyprus , 1972 – )
- Charles T. Kowal ( USA , 1940 – )
- Robert Kraft
- Ľubor Kresák ( Slovakia , 1927 – 1994 )
- Gerard Kuiper ( Netherlands , USA , 1905 – 1973 )
- Yoshio Kushida ( Japan , 1957 – )
- Nicolas Louis De Lacaille ( France , 1713 – 1762 )
- Claes-Ingvar Lagerkvist ( Sweden )
- Joseph-Louis Lagrange ( France , 1736 – 1813 )
- Jérôme Lalande ( France , 1732 – 1807 )
- Johann Heinrich Lambert ( France , Germany , 1728 – 1777 )
- Samuel Pierpont Langley ( USA , 1834 – 1906 )
- Pierre-Simon Laplace ( France , 1749 – 1827 )
- William Lassell ( UK , 1799 – 1880 )
- A. Laurent ( France )
- Henrietta Swan Leavitt ( USA , 1868 – 1921 )
- Typhoon Lee ( USA and Taiwan )
- Guillaume Le Gentil ( France , 1725 – 1792 )
- Georges Lemaître ( Belgium , 1894 – 1966 )
- Pierre Lemonnier ( France , 1715 – 1799 )
- Armin Leuschner ( Germany , 1868 – 1953 )
- Urbain Le Verrier ( France , 1811 – 1877 )
- David Levy ( USA )
- Bertil Lindblad ( Sweden , 1895 – 1965 )
- Joseph Johann Littrow ( Austria , 1781 – 1840 )
- Karl L. Littrow ( Austria , 1811 – 1877 )
- Joseph Lockyer ( UK , 1836 – 1920 )
- Maurice Loewy ( Austria / France , 1833 – 1907 )
- Christian Sørensen Longomontanus ( Denmark , 1562 – 1647 )
- Lord Rosse ( Ireland , 1800 – 1867 )
- Percival Lowell ( USA , 1855 – 1916 )
- John William Lubbock ( UK , 1803 – 1865 )
- Robert Luther ( Germany , 1822 – 1900 )
- Jane Luu ( USA )
- Willem Luyten ( 1899 – 1994 )
- Donald Lynden-Bell
- Bernard Lyot ( France , 1897 – 1952 )
- Adriaan Van Maanen ( USA , 1884 – 1946 )
- George Parker, 2nd Earl Of Macclesfield ( UK , c. 1697 – 1764 )
- Simon Marius ( Germany , 1573 – 1624 )
- Brian Marsden ( USA )
- Albert Marth ( Germany , 1828 – 1897 )
- Nevil Maskelyne ( UK , 1732 – 1811 )
- Charles Mason ( UK , USA , 1730 – 1787 )
- Janet Akyüz Mattei ( Turkey / USA , 1943 – 2004 )
- Edward Walter Maunder ( UK , 1851 – 1928 )
- Pierre Louis Maupertuis ( France , 1698 – 1759 )
- Alain Maury ( France )
- Cornell Mayer ( USA , 1922 - 2005 )
- Tobias Mayer ( Germany , 1723 – 1762 )
- Christopher McKee ( USA , 1942 – )
- Robert S. McMillan ( USA )
- William H. McCrea ( UK , 1904 – 1999 )
- Bruce A. McIntosh ( Canada 1929 – )
- Pierre Méchain ( France , 1744 – 1804 )
- Thebe Medupe ( South Africa )
- Karen Jean Meech ( USA )
- Aden Baker Meinel ( USA , 1922 – )
- Philibert Jacques Melotte ( UK , 1880 – 1961 )
- Paul Willard Merrill ( USA , 1887 – 1961 )
- Charles Messier ( France , 1730 – 1817 )
- Joel Hastings Metcalf ( USA , 1866 – 1925 )
- John Michell ( UK , 1724 – 1793 )
- Elia Millosevich ( Italy , 1848 – 1919 )
- Dan Milosavljevic
- Edward Arthur Milne ( UK , 1896 – 1950 )
- Rudolph Minkowski ( Germany , 1895 – 1976 )
- Marcel Gilles Jozef Minnaert ( Belgium , 1893 – 1970 )
- Maria Mitchell ( USA , 1818 – 1889 )
- August Ferdinand Möbius ( Germany , 1790 – 1868 )
- Samuel Molyneux ( UK )
- Geminiano Montanari ( Italy , 1633 – 1687 )
- Patrick Moore ( UK , 1923 – )
- William Wilson Morgan ( USA , 1906 – 1994 )
- Amédée Mouchez ( France , 1821 – 1892 )
- Antonín Mrkos ( Czech Republic , 1918 – 1996 )
- Jean Mueller ( USA )
- Johannes Müller ( Germany , 1436 – 1476 )
- Bin Musa, Ahmad , ( Persia , 805 - 873 )
- Bin Musa, Hasan , ( Persia , 810 - 873 )
- Bin Musa, Muhammad , ( Persia , ( 800 - 873 )
- Nils Mustelin ( Finland , 1931 – 2004 )
- Geoff Marcy ( USA )
- Naubakht ( Persia , d. 776 )
- Al-fadl Ibn Naubakht ( Persia , 8th century)
- Nabu-rimanni ( Babylonia , circa 560 BC – 480 BC )
- Ahmad Nahavandi ( Persia , 7th-8th century)
- Syuichi Nakano ( Japan )
- Grigoriy Nikolaevich Neujmin ( Russia , 1886 – 1946 )
- Gerry Neugebauer
- Otto Neugebauer ( Germany , USA , 1899 – 1990 )
- Simon Newcomb ( USA , 1835 – 1909 )
- Isaac Newton ( UK , 1643 – 1727 )
- Seth Barnes Nicholson ( USA , 1891 – 1963 )
- Peter Nilson ( Sweden , 1937 – 1998 )
- Bohdan Paczynski , ( Poland 1940 – )
- Ľudmila Pajdušáková ( Slovakia , 1916 – 1979 )
- Johann Palisa , ( Austria , 1848 – 1925 )
- Johann Palitzsch ( 1723 – 1788 )
- Anton Pannekoek ( Netherlands , 1873 – 1960 )
- George Parker, 2nd Earl Of Macclesfield ( UK , c. 1697 – 1764 )
- Eugene Parker ( USA , 1927 – )
- William Parsons, Lord Rosse ( Ireland , 1800 – 1867 )
- André Patry ( France , 1902 – 1960 )
- Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin ( UK USA , 1900 – 1979 )
- James Peebles ( Canada USA , 1935 – )
- Leslie Copus Peltier ( USA , 1900 – 1980 )
- Roger Penrose ( UK , 1931 – )
- Arno Penzias ( Germany , 1933 – )
- Charles Dillon Perrine ( USA , Argentina , 1867 – 1951 )
- Henri Joseph Anastase Perrotin ( France , 1845 – 1904 )
- Christian Heinrich Friedrich Peters ( Germany , USA , 1813 – 1890 )
- George Henry Peters ( USA , 1863 – 1947 )
- Erik V. Petersen ( Denmark , 1911 – )
- Giuseppe Piazzi ( Italy , 1746 – 1826 )
- Edward Charles Pickering ( USA , 1846 – 1919 )
- William Henry Pickering ( USA , 1858 – 1938 )
- Philip Plait ( USA )
- Giovanni Antonio Amedeo Plana ( Italy , 1781 – 1864 )
- John Stanley Plaskett ( Canada , 1865 – 1941 )
- Norman Robert Pogson , ( UK , 1829 – 1891 )
- Christian Pollas , ( France )
- John Pond ( England , 1767 – 1836 )
- Jean-Louis Pons ( France , 1761 – 1831 )
- Charles Pritchard ( UK , 1808 – 1893 )
- Richard Proctor ( England , 1837 – 1888 )
- Ptolemy of Alexandria ( Roman Egypt , circa 85 – 165 )
- Pierre Puiseux ( France , 1855 – 1928 )
- Georg Purbach ( Germany , 1423 – 1461 )
- Pythagoras
- David Lincoln Rabinowitz ( USA , 1960 – )
- Samuel Ramsden ( UK )
- Pavla Ranzinger ( Slovenia )
- Grote Reber ( USA , 1911 – 2002 )
- Martin Rees ( UK , 1942 – )
- Regiomontanus (Johannes Müller) ( Germany , 1436 – 1476 )
- Erasmus Reinhold ( Prussia , Germany , 1511 – 1553 )
- Karl Reinmuth ( Germany , 1892 – 1979 )
- Giovanni Battista Riccioli ( Italy , 1598 – 1671 )
- Jean Richer ( France , 1630 – 1696 )
- Fernand Rigaux ( Belgium )
- Elizabeth Roemer ( USA , 1929 – )
- Jim Rolff ( United States , 1983 &ndashl; )
- Ole Christensen Rømer ( Denmark , 1644 – 1710 )
- Otto A. Rosenberger ( Germany , 1800 – 1890 )
- Lord Rosse ( Ireland , 1800 – 1867 )
- Bruno Rossi ( Italy , 1905 – 1993 )
- Vera Rubin ( USA , 1928 – )
- Henry Norris Russell ( USA , 1877 – 1957 )
- Martin Ryle ( UK , 1918 – 1984 )
- Sir Edward Sabine ( UK , 1788 – 1883 )
- Carl Edward Sagan ( USA , 1934 – 1996 )
- Edwin Ernest Salpeter ( Austria , Australia , USA , 1924 – )
- Allan Rex Sandage ( 1926 – )
- Wallace Leslie William Sargent
- Alexandre Schaumasse ( France , 1882 – 1958 )
- Giovanni Virginio Schiaparelli ( Italy , 1835 – 1910 )
- Frank Schlesinger ( USA , 1871 – 1943 )
- Bernhard Schmidt ( Estonia , Sweden , Germany , 1879 – 1935 )
- Maarten Schmidt ( 1929 – )
- Johann Hieronymus Schröter ( Germany , 1745 – 1816 )
- Lipót Schulhof ( Hungary , 1847 – 1921 )
- Heinrich Christian Schumacher ( Germany , 1780 – 1850 )
- Hans-Emil Schuster ( Germany , 1934 – )
- Samuel Heinrich Schwabe ( Germany , 1789 – 1875 )
- Karl Schwarzschild ( Germany , 1873 – 1916 )
- Martin Schwarzschild ( Germany , USA , 1912 – 1997 )
- Friedrich Karl Arnold Schwassmann ( Germany , 1870 – 1964 )
- Ruby Payne Scott ( Australia , 1912 – 1981 )
- James Vernon Scotti ( USA , 1960 – )
- Frederick Hanley Seares ( USA , 1873 – 1964 )
- George Mary Searle ( USA , 1839 – 1918 )
- Tsutomu Seki ( Japan , 1930 – )
- Carl Keenan Seyfert ( USA , 1911 – 1960 )
- Grigory Abramovich Shajn ( Russia , 1892 – 1956 )
- Pelageya Fedorovna Shajn ( Russia , 1894 – 1956 )
- Harlow Shapley ( USA , 1885 – 1972 )
- Richard Sheepshanks ( UK , 1794 – 1855 )
- Qutb Eddin Shirazi ( Persia )
- Iosif Samuilovich Shklovsky ( Russia , 1916 – 1985 )
- Carolyn Jean Spellmann Shoemaker ( USA , 1929 – )
- Eugene Merle Shoemaker ( USA , 1928 – 1997 )
- Charlotte Moore Sitterly ( USA , 1898 – 1990 )
- Brian A. Skiff ( USA )
- John Francis Skjellerup ( Australia , South Africa , 1875 – 1952 )
- Charles D. Slaughter ( USA )
- Vesto Melvin Slipher ( USA , 1875 – 1969 )
- Tamara Mikhaylovna Smirnova ( Russia , 1918 – )
- William Henry Smyth ( UK , 1788 – 1865 )
- Nina A. Solovaya ( Russia , 1940 – )
- Mary Fairfax Somerville ( UK , 1780 – 1872 )
- Sir James South ( UK , ( 1785 – 1867 )
- Sir Harold Spencer Jones ( UK , 1890 – 1960 )
- Lyman Spitzer ( USA , 1914 – 1997 )
- Friederich Wilhelm Gustav Spörer ( Germany , 1822 – 1895 )
- Link Starbureiy , ( USA )
- Anton Staus ( Germany , 1872 – 1955 )
- Joel Stebbins , ( USA , 1878 – 1966 )
- Karl August Von Steinheil , ( Germany , 1801 – 1870 )
- Édouard Jean-Marie Stephan , ( France , 1837 – 1923 )
- David J. Stevenson , ( New Zealand , 1948 – )
- Edward James Stone , ( 1831 – 1897 )
- F.J.M. Stratton ( UK , 1881 – 1960 )
- Bengt Georg Daniel Strömgren , ( Denmark , 1908 – 1987 )
- Friedrich Georg Wilhelm (von) Struve ( Germany , Russia , 1793 – 1864 )
- Karl Hermann Struve ( Russia , Germany , 1854 – 1920 )
- Gustav Wilhelm Ludwig Struve ( Russia , 1858 – 1920 )
- Otto Struve ( Russia , USA , 1897 – 1963 )
- Otto Wilhelm (von) Struve ( Russia , 1819 – 1905 )
- Abd Al-Rahman Al Sufi ( Persia , 903 – 986 )
- Rashid Alievich Sunyaev ( Uzbekistan Russia Germany , 1943 – )
- Lewis A. Swift ( USA , 1820 – 1913 )
- Frédéric Sy ( France )
- Atsushi Takahashi ( Japan )
- Gonzalo Tancredi ( Uruguay , 1963 – )
- Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr. ( USA , 1941 – )
- Ernst Wilhelm Leberecht Tempel , ( Germany , 1821 – 1889 )
- Thabit Ibn Qurra ( Iraq , 826 – 901 )
- Thorvald Nicolai Thiele ( Denmark , 1838 – 1910 )
- Norman G. Thomas ( USA )
- John M. Thome ( 1843 – 1908 )
- Kip Stephen Thorne ( USA , 1940 – )
- Friedrich Tietjen ( Germany , 1834 – 1895 )
- Beatrice Muriel Hill Tinsley ( USA , 1941 – 1981 )
- François Félix Tisserand ( France , 1845 – 1896 )
- Johann Daniel Titius ( Germany , 1729 – 1796 )
- Clyde W. Tombaugh ( USA , 1906 – 1997 )
- Richard Tousey ( USA , 1908 – 1997 )
- Virginia Trimble ( USA )
- Chad Trujillo ( USA )
- Robert Julius Trumpler ( USA , 1886 – 1956 )
- R. Brent Tully ( USA )
- Herbert Hall Turner ( England , 1861 – 1930 )
- Nasir Al-Din Tusi ( Persia , 1201 - 1274 )
- Horace Parnell Tuttle ( USA , 1839 – 1923 )
- Yrjö Väisälä ( Finland , 1891 – 1971 )
- Benjamin Valz ( France , 1787 – 1867 )
- James Van Allen ( USA , 1914 – )
- George Van Biesbroeck ( Belgium , USA , 1880 – 1974 )
- Hendrik Christoffel Van De Hulst ( Netherlands , 1918 – 2000 )
- Peter Van De Kamp ( USA , 1901 – 1995 )
- Sidney Van Den Bergh ( Canada , 1929 – )
- Hendrik Van Gent ( Netherlands , South Africa , ( 1900 – March 29 , 1947 )
- Cornelis Johannes Van Houten ( Netherlands , 1920 – August 24 2002 )
- Ingrid Van Houten-Groeneveld ( Netherlands )
- Zdeňka Vávrová ( Czech Republic or Slovakia )
- Philippe Véron ( France , 1939 – )
- Frank Washington Very ( USA , 1852 – 1927 )
- Yvon Villarceau ( France , 1813 – 1883 )
- Julie Vinter Hansen ( Denmark ), 1890 – 1960 )
- Hermann Carl Vogel ( Germany , 1841 – 1907 )
- Joseph Von Fraunhofer ( Germany , 1787 – 1826 )
- Friedrich Georg Wilhelm Von Struve ( Germany , Russia , 1793 – 1864 )
- Otto Wilhelm Von Struve ( Russia , 1819 – 1905 )
- Karl Von Weizsäcker ( Germany , 1912 – )
- Alexander N. Vyssotsky ( Russia USA , 1888 – 1973 )
- Emma Vyssotsky ( USA , 1894 – 1975 )
- Arno Arthur Wachmann ( Germany , 1902 – 1990 )
- Abul Wáfa ( Persia , 940 – 997 -8)
- George Wallerstein ( 1930 – )
- Qingde Wang ( USA , China )
- James Craig Watson ( USA , 1838 – 1880 )
- Thomas William Webb ( UK , 1807 – 1885 )
- Risa H. Wechsler ( USA 1975 – )
- Alfred Lothar Wegener ( Germany , 1880 – 1930 ), astronomer, geologist, meteorologist
- Godefroy Wendelin ( Belgium , 1580 – 1667 )
- Richard M. West ( Denmark , 1942 – )
- J. G. Westphal ( Germany )
- Johann Heinrich Westphal ( Germany , Italy , 1794 – 1831 )
- George Wetherill
- John Archibald Wheeler ( USA , 1911 – )
- Fred Lawrence Whipple ( USA , 1906 – 2004 )
- Albert Whitford ( USA , 1905 – 2002 )
- Chandra Wickramasinghe ( UK , 1939 – )
- Paul Wild ( Switzerland )
- Olin C. Wilson ( USA , 1909 – 1994 )
- Robert Wilson ( USA , 1936 – )
- John Winthrop ( Massachusetts Bay Colony , 1714 – 1779 )
- Friedrich August Theodor Winnecke ( Germany , 1835 – 1897 )
- Carl Wirtanen ( USA , 1910 – 1990 )
- Jack Wisdom ( USA )
- Gustav Witt ( Germany , 1866 – 1946 )
- Maximilian Wolf ( Germany , 1863 – 1932 )
- Aleksander Wolszczan ( Poland , 1946 – )
- Richard Van Der Riet Woolley ( UK , 1906 – 1986 )
- Thomas Wright ( UK , 1711 – 1786 )
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