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Rulers of Bulgaria Note on titles According to a controversial 17th century Volga Bulgar source, early Bulgar leaders bore the title of ''baltavar'', which might mean "ruler of Avar s", although this is likely a folk etymology. The rulers of the Bulgars also acquired the traditional Turkic titles of possibly '' Khan '' and certainly '' Khagan '', but the monarch's title was rendered as ''kanasybigi'' in the Bulgar inscriptions, as ''arkhōn'' (i.e., "ruler") in Greek translation and as ''rex'' (i.e., "king") in Latin. Whether ''kanasybigi'' is derived from or akin to "khan" and "khagan" is a matter of some dispute. In Slavic the generic term for ruler, ''knjaz'' was used until 913, when Simeon I was crowned ''Emperor of the Bulgarians'' in a makeshift imperial coronation by the Patriarch of Constantinople , Nicholas I Mystikos. This concession by the Byzantine government was revoked, causing a decade-long period of warfare, exacerbated by Simeon's claim to the title ''Emperor of the Romans''. After the peace settlements of 924 and 927 , the Bulgarian imperial title was recognized, albeit reluctantly, by the Byzantine government. In Slavic the imperial title was rendered as '' Tsar '' (scholarly transliteration ''car' ''), contracted from ''tsesar'' (''cěsar' ''), and corresponding to the Medieval Greek '' Basileus '' and the Latin '' Imperator ''. After Bulgaria's liberation from Ottoman domination in 1878 , the country became an autonomous principality under a ''Prince ( ''knjaz'' ) of Bulgaria''. With the proclamation of full independence in 1908 , Bulgaria's monarchs adopted the traditional imperial title of ''Tsar (car) of the Bulgarians'', but were internationally recognized only as kings (''roi des bulgares''). The monarchy was abolished by referendum during a period of Soviet occupation in 1946 . Note on conventions in the list In the comprehensive list of rulers below names are rendered in a consistent and reversible standard scholarly transliteration from the modern Bulgarian vernacular forms. The list includes several rulers overlooked in the common listings (e.g., Presian II, Mihail Asen II, Ivan II, Konstantin II). The names and numeration of rulers is standardized, though disrupting as little as possible Bulgarian historiographical conventions. The rulers are listed by their official names, excluding sobriquets and patronymics (e.g., ''Konstantin of Tih'' and ''Mihail of Šišman''). Rulers with genuine double names (e.g., Ivan Asen, Mihail Asen, Georgi Terter, Ivan Šišman) are counted separately from rulers with single names (e.g., Ivan Asen II is distinct from Ivan II). The often misleading or inaccurate division between dynasties is ignored for the sake of simplicity and consistency. The somewhat controversial chronology for the period down to the late 8th century follows Moskov's relatively recent study (see ''References''). For the end of the Second Bulgarian Empire, the list follows the study of Tjutjundžiev and Pavlov (see ''References''). LIST OF BULGARIAN RULERS Traditional Early Rulers ( 153 – 605 ) ''The following three names appear in the so-called Namelist (Imennik) of Bulgarian rulers. At least the first two seem to cover extended eponymous periods, although the second of these, Irnik, is identified by his name and chronological position as Attila's son Hernac. The preceding eponym, Avitohol, may be identified with a distant ancestor/predecessor of Attila who led his Huns westward in the mid-2nd century.'' First Bulgarian Empire ( 605 ?– 1018 )
Byzantine Domination ( 1018 – 1185 ) Rebels against Byzantine Rule
Second Bulgarian Empire ( 1185 – 1422 )
Ottoman Domination ( 1393 – 1878 ) Third Bulgarian State ( 1878 – 1946 )
''Monarchy abolished in 1946'' Titular tsar of Bulgaria EXTERNAL LINKS REFERENCES
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