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In Linguistics , romanization (or ''Latinization'', also spelled ''romanisation'' or ''Latinisation'') is the representation of a Word or Language with the Roman (Latin) Alphabet , or a system for doing so, where the original word or language uses a different Writing System . Methods of romanization include Transliteration , representing written text, and Transcription , representing the spoken word. The latter can be subdivided into '' Phonological transcription'', which records the Phonemes or units of Semantic meaning in speech, and more strict '' Phonetic transcription'', which records speech sounds with precision. Each romanization has its own set of rules for pronunciation of the romanized words. To ''romanize'' a body of text, is to transliterate or transcribe it from another writing system into the Roman alphabet. This process is most commonly associated with the Chinese , Japanese and Korean languages ( CJK ). Cyrillization is the similar process of representing a language using the Cyrillic Alphabet . METHODS OF ROMANIZATION Transliteration If the romanization attempts to Transliterate the original script, the guiding principle is a one-to-one mapping of characters in the source language into the target script, with less emphasis on how the result sounds when pronounced according to the reader's language. For example, the Nihon-shiki romanization of Japanese allows the informed reader to reconstruct the original Japanese Kana syllables with 100% accuracy, but is not readable without prior study. Transcription Phonological However, most romanizations are intended for the casual reader, who is unfamiliar with the intricacies of the original script and is more interested in pronouncing the source language. Such romanizations follow the principle of Phonological Transcription and attempt to render the significant sounds ( Phonemes ) of the original as faithfully as possible in the target language. The popular Hepburn romanization of Japanese is an example of a transcriptive romanization designed for English speakers. Phonetic A Phonetic conversion goes one step further and attempts to depict all Phone s in the source language, sacrificing legibility if necessary by using characters or conventions not found in the target script. The International Phonetic Alphabet is the most common system of phonetic transcription. Tradeoffs For most language pairs, building a usable romanization involves tradeoffs between the two extremes. Pure transcriptions are generally not possible, as the source language usually contains sounds and distinctions not found in the target language, but which must be shown to for the romanized form to be comprehensible. In general, outside a limited audience of scholars, romanizations tend to lean more towards transcription. As an example, consider the Japanese martial art 柔術: the Nihon-shiki romanization ''zyūzyutu'' may allow someone who knows Japanese to reconstruct the kana syllables じゅうじゅつ, but most people would find it easier to guess the pronunciation from the Hepburn version, '' Jūjutsu ''. ROMANIZATION OF SPECIFIC WRITING SYSTEMS Arabic ''For more detail, see Arabic Transliteration '' The Arabic Alphabet is used to write Arabic , Persian , and Urdu . Romanization standards include:
Hebrew ''For more details, see Hebrew Alphabet and Romanization Of Hebrew .''
Brahmic scripts The Brahmic Family of Abugida s is used for languages of the Indian subcontinent and south-east Asia. There is a long tradition in the west to study Sanskrit and other Indic texts in Latin transliteration. Various transliteration conventions have been used for Indic scripts since the time of Sir William Jones. A comparison of some of them is provided here: {Link without Title}
See also: Romanization Of Sanskrit , Romanization Of Malayalam . Chinese Romanization of . See also: [http://www.romanization.com/ Standard Mandarin
=Mainland China
=Taiwan
Standard Cantonese
Min Nan Min Dong Japanese Romanization (or, more strictly, Roman Letters ) in Japanese is called " Rōmaji ". The most common systems are:
Korean ''Main article: Korean Romanization '' While romanization is often been carried out irrespective of any system, there are some rulesets available to choose from:
Several problems with MR led to the development of the newer systems:
Thai Thai , spoken in Thailand , is written with its own script, probably descended from Old Khmer , in the Brahmic Family . Also see Thai Alphabet .
Cyrillic In linguistics, Scientific Transliteration is used for both Cyrillic and Glagolitic Alphabet s. This applies to Old Church Slavonic , as well as modern Slavic Languages which use these alphabets. Belarusian The Belarusian Language has been written with both Cyrillic and Latin scripts. Today the Latin script ('' Łacinka ,'' or ''Łacinica'') is rarely used, although it has its advocates. Despite the existence of a native Latin alphabet, Belarusian names are usually transcribed similarly to the Russian language.
External link: Thomas T. Pederson's chart (PDF). Bulgarian The official Bulgarian scheme for the Roman transliteration of Bulgarian Cyrillic is the English-oriented Streamlined System proposed by L.L. Ivanov and introduced by the Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria on 2 March 1995. The Streamlined System was subsequently adopted by the Bulgarian Government (Ordinances #61 of 2 April 1999 and #10 of 11 February 2000) for the purposes of introducing new identity documents . Presently the system is being promulgated by the Ministry of Public Administration and and Administrative Reform for further usage in road signs, street names, official information systems, databases, local authorities’ websites etc. In the USA and Britain, the US Board on Geographic Names ( BGN ) and the UK Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use ( PCGN ) still retain their 1952 BGN/PCGN System for the Romanization of Bulgarian, used primarily in the English spelling of Bulgarian geographical names. That system differs from the Streamlined System in the case of three Cyrillic letters. See also Romanization Of Bulgarian . Russian There is no single universally accepted system of writing may also be written as ''Tchaykovsky'', ''Tchajkovskij'', ''Tchaikowski'', ''Tschaikowski'', ''Czajkowski'', ''Čajkovskij'', ''Čajkovski'', ''Chajkovskij'', ''Chaykovsky'', ''Chaykovskiy'', ''Chaikovski'', ''Tshaikovski'', ''Tšaikovski'' etc. Systems include:
Ukrainian See Also: Romanization of Ukrainian Ukrainian personal names are usually transcribed phonetically; see the main article section Conventional Romanization Of Proper Names . The Ukrainian National system is used for geographic names in Ukraine.
Greek Greek Language includes the modern language spoken in Greece , as well as ancient Polytonic Orthography . See also Greeklish . English OVERVIEW AND SUMMARY The chart below shows the most common phonemic transcription romanization used for several different alphabets. While it is sufficient for many casual users, there are multiple alternatives used for each alphabet, and many exceptions. For details, consult each of the language sections below. (Because the number of Hangul characters are prohibitively large, only the first characters are provided in the following table.)
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