Information About ™Hangul |
Hangul also refers to a Word Processing application widely used in Korea. Hangul ( of the Korean Language , as opposed to the non-alphabetic Hanja system borrowed from China . While Hangul may look like s and 10 Vowel s. Historically, the alphabet had several additional letters ''(see Obsolete Jamo )''. For a phonological description of the letters, see '' Korean Phonology ''. NAMES Official names
Other names
Until the early twentieth century, Hangul was denigrated as vulgar by the literate elite who preferred the traditional Hanja writing system. They gave it such names as:
However, these names are now archaic, as the use of hanja in writing has become rare in South Korea and completely phased out in North Korea. HISTORY Hangul was promulgated by the fourth king of the Joseon Dynasty , Sejong The Great . Some suspect that such a complex project must have been developed by a team of researchers, and there appear to have been several people involved, but records show that his staff of scholars denounced the king for not having consulted with them. King Sejong and his team may have worked in secret because of the opposition by the educated elite. Another view is that Hangul was invented by a Buddhist monk Syol Chong. At that time, Buddhist literature was widely read and Siddham and Tibetan scripts were widely known to the Buddhist monks, both derived from ancient Indian Brahmi . Hangul is very phonetic, just like Indian scripts. The shapes of the letters were however independently invented, although some may seem to resemble Devanagari . The project was completed in late 1443 or early 1444, and published in 1446 in a document entitled '' Hunmin Jeong-eum '' "The Proper Sounds for the Education of the People", after which the alphabet itself was named. The publication date of the ''Hunmin Jeong-eum,'' October 9 , is Hangul Day in South Korea . Its North Korea n equivalent is on January 15 . It had been rumored that King Sejong visualized the written characters after studying an intricate lattice, but this speculation was put to rest by the discovery in 1940 of the 1446 '' Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye '' "Explanations and Examples of the ''Hunmin Jeong-eum".'' This document explains the design of the consonant letters according to Articulatory Phonetics and the vowel letters according to the principles of ''yin'' And ''yang'' and Vowel Harmony . King Sejong explained that he created the new script because the Korean language was different from Chinese; using Chinese characters to write in Chinese was difficult for the common people to learn. At that time, only male members of the aristocracy ''( Yangban )'' learned to read and write, and most Koreans were effectively illiterate. Hangul faced heavy opposition by the literate elite, who believed hanja to be the only legitimate writing system. The protest by Choe Manri and other Confucian scholars in 1444 is a typical example. Later the government became apathetic to Hangul. Yeonsangun , the 10th king, forbade the study or use of Hangul and banned Hangul documents in 1504, and King Jungjong abolished the Ministry of Eonmun in 1506. Until this time Hangul had been principally used by women and the uneducated. In late 19th century, Korean nationalism increased as Japan attempted to sever Korea from China's sphere of influence. Hangul came to be considered a national symbol by some reformists. As a result of the of 29 October 1933 . In 1940 a system for expressing foreign orthographies in Hangul was published. During this period Korean was written in a mixed hanja-Hangul script modeled after Japan's mixed kanji-kana system, where lexical roots were written in hanja and grammatical forms in Hangul. Since regaining independence from Japan in 1945, Korea has used Hangul as its official writing system, with ever decreasing use of the mixed system. Today it is uncommon to find hanja mixed in with normal writing, though newspapers still use hanja to avoid ambiguity, especially in headlines. ''JAMO'' See Also: Hangul consonant and vowel tables ''Jamo'' (자모; 字母 ) or ''nassori'' (낱소리) are the units that make up the Hangul alphabet. '''''Ja''''' means letter or character, and '''''mo''''' means mother, so the name suggests that the ''jamo'' are the building-blocks of the script. There are 51 ''jamo,'' of which 24 are equivalent to Letter s of the Latin Alphabet . The other 27 ''jamo'' are clusters of two or sometimes three of these letters. Of the 24 simple ''jamo,'' fourteen are Consonant s ''(ja-eum'' 자음, 子音 "child sounds") and ten are Vowel s ''(mo-eum'' 모음, 母音 "mother sounds"). Five of the simple consonant letters are doubled to form the five tense consonants (see below), while another eleven clusters are formed of two different consonant letters. The ten vowel ''jamo'' can be combined to form eleven Diphthong s. Here is a summary:
Four of the simple vowel ''jamo'' are derived by means of a short stroke to signify iotation (a preceding ''i'' sound): ㅑ ''ya,'' ㅕ ''yeo,'' ㅛ ''yo,'' and ㅠ ''yu.'' These four are counted as part of the 24 simple ''jamo'' because the iotating stroke taken out of context does not represent ''y''. In fact, there is no separate ''jamo'' for ''y''. Of the simple consonants, ㅊ ''chieut,'' ㅋ ''kieuk,'' ㅌ ''tieut,'' and ㅍ ''pieup'' are Aspirated derivatives of ㅈ ''jieut,'' ㄱ ''giyeok,'' ㄷ ''digeut,'' and ㅂ ''bieup,'' respectively, formed by combining the unaspirated letters with an extra stroke. The doubled letters are ㄲ ''ssang-giyeok'' (kk: ''ssang-'' 쌍 "double"), ㄸ ''ssang-digeut'' (tt), ㅃ ''ssang-bieup'' (pp), ㅆ ''ssang-siot'' (ss), and ㅉ ''ssang-jieut'' (jj). Double ''jamo'' do not represent Geminate consonants, but rather a "tense" Phonation . ''Jamo'' design Hangul is a "featural" script. Scripts may transcribe languages at the level of Morpheme s ( Logographic Scripts like '' Hanja ),'' of Syllable s (syllabic scripts like '' Kana ),'' or of Segment s ( Alphabet ic scripts like the one you're reading here). Hangul goes one step further, using distinct strokes to indicate Distinctive Feature s such as Place Of Articulation ( Labial , Coronal , Velar , or Glottal ) and Manner Of Articulation ( Plosive , Nasal , Sibilant , Aspiration ) for consonants, and iotation (a preceding ''i-'' sound), Harmonic Class , and Umlaut for vowels. For instance, the consonant ''jamo'' ㅌ ''t'' is composed of three strokes, each one meaningful: the top stroke indicates ㅌ is a plosive, like ㆆ ''’,'' ㄱ ''g,'' ㄷ ''d,'' ㅂ ''b,'' ㅈ ''j,'' which have the same stroke (the last is an Affricate , a plosive-fricative sequence); the middle stroke indicates that ㅌ is aspirated, like ㅎ ''h,'' ㅋ ''k,'' ㅍ ''p,'' ㅊ ''ch,'' which also have this stroke; and the curved bottom stroke indicates that ㅌ is coronal, like ㄴ ''n,'' ㄷ ''d,'' and ㄹ ''l.'' Two consonants, ᇰ and ᇢ, have dual pronunciations, and appear to be composed of two elements, stacked one over the other, to represent these two pronunciations: /silence for ᇰ and / for obsolete ᇢ. With vowel ''jamo,'' a short stroke connected to the main line of the letter indicates that this is one of the vowels which ''can'' be iotated; this stroke is then doubled when the vowel ''is'' iotated. The position of the stroke indicates which harmonic class the vowel belongs to, "light" (top or right) or "dark" (bottom or left). In the modern ''jamo,'' an additional vertical stroke indicates Umlaut , deriving ㅐ , ㅔ , ㅚ , ㅟ from ㅏ , ㅓ , ㅗ , ㅜ . However, this is not part of the intentional design of the script, but rather a natural development from what were originally Diphthong s ending in the vowel ㅣ . Indeed, in many Korean Dialects , including the standard Dialect Of Seoul , some of these may still be diphthongs. Although the design of the script may be featural, for all practical purposes it behaves as an alphabet. The ''jamo'' ㅌ isn't read as three letters ''coronal plosive aspirated,'' for instance, but as a single consonant ''t.'' Likewise, the former diphthong ㅔ is read as a single vowel ''e.'' Beside the ''jamo,'' Hangul originally employed was and still is phonemic in Korean, it was never indicated in Hangul, except that syllables with rising pitch (:) necessarily had long vowels. Although some aspects of Hangul reflect a shared history with the ''jamo'' and the Alphabetic Principle itself, other aspects such as organization of ''jamo'' into syllablic blocks, and which Phagspa letters were chosen to be basic to the system, reflect the influence of Chinese writing and phonology. Consonant ''jamo'' design The letters for the consonants fall into five groups, each with a basic shape, and one or more letters derived from this shape by means of additional strokes. In the ''Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye'' account, the basic shapes iconically represent the articulations the Tongue , Palate , Teeth , and Throat take when making these sounds. The Korean names for the groups are taken from Chinese Phonetics :
The phonetic theory inherent in the derivation of glottal stop ㆆ and aspirate ㅎ from the null ㅇ may be more accurate than Chinese phonetics or modern IPA usage. In Chinese theory and in the IPA, the glottal consonants are posited as having a specific "glottal" place of articulation. However, recent phonetic theory has come to view the glottal stop and {Link without Title} to be isolated features of 'stop' and 'aspiration' without an inherent place of articulation, just as their Hangul representations based on the null symbol assume. Vowel ''jamo'' design Vowel letters are based on three elements:
Dots (now short strokes) were added to these three basic elements to derive the simple vowel ''jamo:''
The compound ''jamo'' ending in ㅣ ''i'' were originally Diphthong s. However, several have since evolved into pure vowels:
The simple iotated vowels are,
There are also two iotated diphthongs,
The Korean language of the 15th century had Vowel Harmony to a greater extent than it does today. Vowels in grammatical Morpheme s changed according to their environment, falling into groups which "harmonized" with each other. This affected the Morphology of the language, and Korean phonology described it in terms of ''yin'' and ''yang:'' If a root word had ''yang'' ('bright') vowels, then most suffixes attached to it also had to have ''yang'' vowels; conversely, if the root had ''yin'' ('dark') vowels, the suffixes needed to be ''yin'' as well. There was a third harmonic group called "mediating" ('neutral' in Western terminology) that could coexist with either ''yin'' or ''yang'' vowels. The Korean neutral vowel was ㅣ ''i''. The ''yin'' vowels were ㅡㅜㅓ ''eu, u, eo;'' the dots are in the ''yin'' directions of 'down' and 'left'. The ''yang'' vowels were ㆍㅗㅏ ''ə, o, a,'' with the dots in the ''yang'' directions of 'up' and 'right'. The ''Hunmin Jeong-eum Haerye'' states that the shapes of the non-dotted ''jamo'' ㅡㆍㅣ were chosen to represent the concepts of ''yin,'' ''yang,'' and mediation: Earth, Heaven, and Human. (The letter ㆍ ''ə'' is now obsolete.) There was yet a third parameter in designing the vowel ''jamo,'' namely, choosing ㅡ as the graphic base of ㅜ and ㅗ, and ㅣ as the graphic base of ㅓ and ㅏ. A full understanding of what these horizontal and vertical groups had in common would require knowing the exact sound values these vowels had in the 15th century. Our uncertainty is primarily with the three ''jamo'' ㆍㅓㅏ. Some linguists reconstruct these as , respectively; others as . However, the horizontal ''jamo'' ㅡㅜㅗ do all appear to have been mid to high Back Vowel s, , and thus to have formed a coherent group phonetically. Ledyard's theory of consonant ''jamo'' design | ||
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