Doubly Articulated Consonant

POSSIBILITIES FOR DOUBLE ARTICULATION

There are four independently controllable articulations that may double up in the same manner of articulation: Labial , Coronal , Dorsal , and Radical . (The Glottis controls Phonation , and works simultaneously with many consonants. It is not normally considered an articulator, and an Ejective , with simultaneous closure of the velum and glottis, is not considered a doubly articulated consonant.)

Approximants such as and may be either doubly or secondarily articulated. For example, in English , is a labialized velar that could be transcribed as , but the Japanese is closer to a true labial-velar . However, it is normal practice to use phonetic and for the labialized approximants, and some linguists restrict the symbols to that usage. ''(See the article on Approximants .)''

No claims have ever been made for doubly articulated Flaps or Trills , such as a simultaneous alveolar-uvular trill, , and these are not expected to be found. Several claims ''have'' been made for doubly articulated Fricatives or Affricate s, most notoriously a Swedish which has its own IPA symbol, Voiceless Dorso-palatal Velar Fricative . However, laboratory measurements have never succeeded in demonstrating simultaneous frication at two points of articulation, and such sounds turn out to be either secondary articulation, or a sequence of two non-simultaneous fricatives. (Despite its name, the " Voiceless Labial-velar Fricative " is actually a voiceless approximant; the name is a historical remnant from before the distinction was made.) Such sounds can be made, with an effort, but it is very difficult for a listener to discern them, and therefore they are not expected to be found.

airstream. (Some of these clicks are uvular, rather than velar, but the term "velaric ingressive airstream" is used as the general term. ''See the article on Clicks .'')

DOUBLE ARTICULATION IN STOPS

This leaves stops, and both oral and nasal doubly articulated stops are found. However, there is a great assymmetry in the places of their articulation. Of the six possible combinations of ''labial'', ''coronal'', ''dorsal'', and ''radical'', one is common, and the others vanishingly rare.

The common articulation is ''labial-dorsal'', which is attested by Labial-velar Stop s, such as the mentioned above. These are found throughout West and Central Africa, as well as eastern New Guinea.

A second possibility, ''labial-coronal'', is attested phonemically by Labial-alveolar And -postalveolar in a single language, Yélî Dnye of New Guinea, though it is also found allophonically in some African languages.

A third possibility, ''coronal-dorsal'', is found marginally in a few languages. Isoko , in Nigeria, has Laminal Dental stops (plosives and nasals) that, in some dialects, are realized as dental-palatal stops. However, these are not contrastive with either dental or palatal stops, unlike the articulations mentioned above, and Peter Ladefoged considers them to be "accidental contacts in two regions", rather than being inherently double. Similarly, several languages of Australia, such as Maung , have dental-palatals which are variants of laminal Postalveolars , with an "extended closure covering the entire region from the teeth to the hard palate". Note that in both cases, the double articulations are variants of laminal consonants, which have inherently broad contact with the roof of the mouth.

The other three possibilities, which would involve the s might combine with coronal or labial consonants.

REFERENCE

Peter Ladefoged and Ian Maddieson, ''The Sounds of the World's Languages.'' Blackwell Publishers, 1996. ISBN 0631198156

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Doubly Articulated Consonant

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