Information About ™Champa |
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The kingdom of Champa (or '''Lin-yi''' in Chinese records) controlled what is now south and central Vietnam from approximately 192 through 1697 . The empire began to decline in the late 15th century, became a Vietnamese Vassal state in 1697 , and was finally dissolved in 1832 . Writing Champa's history was dominated, until the end of the 20th century, by the Chinese and Vietnamese annals. This imposed a single view on Cham history which is not supported by epigraphical, geographical, or archaeological records. Recently, a revised Champa historiography has emerged. The newer histories describe a string of Cham territories with central authority moving between different regions and at times not existing at all. PREHISTORY Champa's people, Malayo - Polynesian settlers from mainland Southeast Asia, appear to have reached the mainland from Borneo about the time of the Sa Huynh Culture in the 1st and 2nd centuries BCE. There are pronounced ceramic, industrial and funerary continuities with sites such as the Nias Cave in Sarawak . Sa Huynh sites are rich in Iron artifacts, by contrast with the Dong Son Culture sites found in northern Vietnam and elsewhere in mainland Southeast Asia, where Bronze artifacts are dominant. HISTORY Champa was established by the rebellion of a local official named Kiu-lien against the Chinese authority in 192 in the region of present-day Huế . Champa included thereafter the modern provinces of Quảng Nam , Quảng Ngãi , Bình Định , Phú Yên , Khánh Hòa , Ninh Thuận , and Bình Thuận . Initially closely tied to Chinese cultural and religious traditions, wars with neighboring Funan and the acquisition of Funanese territory in the 4th century saw the infusion of India n culture into Cham society. From the 10th century onwards Arab maritime trade in the region brought increasing Islamic cultural and religious influences. The Cham language is part of the Austronesian family. Cham communities exist in contemporary Vietnam, Cambodia and Thailand. Champa was an important link in the Spice Route which stretched from the Persian Gulf to southern China and later in the Arab maritime routes in Indo-China as a supplier of aloe. Despite the frequent wars between Champa and Cambodia the two countries also traded and cultural influences moved in both directions. The two royal families intermarried frequently. After 1692 many Chams, including members of the royal family and aristocracy took refuge in Cambodia and some were given high office. Champa also had close trade and cultural relations with Srivijaya and the Malay Archipelago . Champa was a confederation of 4 (at times 5) principalities, each named after a historic region in India.
Cham territory included the mountainous zones west of the coastal plain and extended into present-day Laos . Cham history was characterised by repeated military conflict with the Chinese, the Khmer , the Vietnamese , and the Mongol s. The Chams proved excellent warriors, using the mountains to great advantage. More than a century of war between the Chams and the Khmers, during which each nation saw its capital repeatedly captured and looted, ended in 1203 when Jayavarman VIII occupied the country and made it a Khmer province, although the Chams regained their independence in 1220 . In 1446 , the Vietnamese under the leadership of Trinh Kha attacked the northern territory of Champa. The attack was successful and Vijaya was captured. However, a counter-attack drove the Vietnamese out of the city. In 1470 , the Vietnamese, led by the great king Le Thanh Tong , attacked the northern territory. This time the army was stronger and the Chams were weaker. Vijaya was captured after four days of fighting on March 21 1471 . The Cham king Tra-Toan was captured and died not long after. At least 60,000 Cham were killed and 30,000 taken into captivity, and the capital of Vijaya was largely destroyed. The Vietnamese annexed the principalities of Amaravati and Vijaya. This was the end of the Cham having any real power. The disaster caused the first major Cham emigration, particularly to Cambodia and Malacca . In 1594 the Cham king sent forces to assist the Sultanate Of Johor 's attack on Portuguese Malacca . In 1692 , the Cham king Po Rome of Panduranga, the remaining independent province, rebelled against the Nguyen Lords who ruled southern Vietnam. The revolt was unsuccessful and the aftermath was exacerbated by an outbreak of plague in Panduranga. Po Rome was related to the ruling house in the Sultanate of Kelantan . In 1796 , Tuan Phiaow, a noble from Kelantan, headed a major revolt and claimed Kelantan's support. The Chams in Panduranga continued to resist total conquest until 1832 , when the Vietnamese Emperor Minh Mạng finally annexed the area. After 1693 , the Cham rulers were recognised as ''phien vương'' (native king) in Panduranga by the Nguyễn rulers of southern Vietnam, although they were closely supervised by Nguyễn officials and had no authority over Vietnamese in their territory or the continuing influx of Vietnamese settlers. After an unsuccessful Cham revolt in 1786 , King Chei Krei Brei (Cibri) and his court fled to Cambodia. The Nguyễn continued the line of Cham rulers but downgraded their title to prefect and integrated them with the regular provincial administration. The dominant religion of the Cham people was Hinduism and the culture was heavily influenced by India. Islam started making headway among the Cham after the 10th century, but it was only after the 1471 invasion that this influence picked up speed but was relegated to the lower castes. By the 17th century the Royal families also began to turn to Islam and this eventually triggerred the major shift in religious orientation of the Cham so that by the time of their persecution and final annexation by the Vietnamese and subsequent immigration, the majority of the Cham people had converted to Islam . Most Cham are now Muslim s, like the Javanese in Indonesia who are Muslim but heavily influenced by Hinduism. Significant minorities of Hindu s and Mahayana Buddhists exist. Many Cham towers still stand in central Vietnam. The most significant example of Cham architecture is Mỹ Sơn near the ancient town of Hội An . Mỹ Sơn, is a large complex that was heavily damaged by US bombing during the Vietnam War. The site is currently being restored with donations from a number of countries and NGO's. As of 2004 , there were still Land Mines and UXO's to be cleared. THE DYNASTIES OF CHAMPA Dynasty I
Dynasty II
Dynasty III
Dynasty IV
Dynasty of Panduranga
Dynasty of Bhrigu
Dynasty of the South
Dynasty of Po Saktiraidaputih, vassal Cham rulers under the Nguyễn Lords
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