Information About ™Arabic Numeral |
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]] Arabic numerals, also known as ''' Indian Numerals ''', ''' Hindu Numerals ''', ''' European Numerals ''', and '''Western numerals''', are the most common Symbolic representation of Number s around the world. They are considered an important milestone in the development of Mathematics . One may distinguish between the Decimal system involved, also known as the Hindu-Arabic Numeral System , and the precise Glyph s used. The glyphs most commonly in conjunction with the Latin Alphabet since Early Modern times are 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 . The system was developed in India by the Hindus around 400 BCE , found its way to Persia , and was relayed to Europe by Arabs. Hence, they became known in the West as "Arabic numerals". The glyphs underwent some modifications en route from India to Europe. DESCRIPTION The numeral system employed, known as Algorism , is Positional Decimal notation. Various symbol sets are used to represent numbers in the Arabic Numeral System , all of which evolved from the Brahmi Numerals . The symbols used to represent the system have split into various typographical variants since the Middle Ages :
HISTORY Origins The symbols for 0 to 9 in the Arabic numerals evolved from the Brahmi Numerals . Buddhist inscriptions from around 300 BCE use the symbols which became 1, 4 and 6. One century later, their use of the symbols which became 2, 4, 6, 7 and 9 was recorded. The system was adopted by the Arabs in the 8th Century . The first certain positional use of zero, in terms of physical archaeological evidence, dates to the 9th Century , in an inscription at Gwalior dated to 870 , and in the work of Al-Khwarizmi .(Clarification needed. First known use is by Mathematician Pingala, Kerala, India. This use is documented in his work Chandahsutra written in Sanskrit around 300 BCE.) The numeral system came to be known to both the , Middle-East ern mathematicians extended the decimal numeral system to include fractions, as recorded in a treatise by Syrian mathematician Abu'l-Hasan Al-Uqlidisi in 952 - 953 . In the Arab World—until modern times—the Arabic numeral system was used only by mathematicians. Muslim scientists used the Babylonian Numeral System , and merchants used the Abjad Numerals . Therefore, it was not until Fibonacci that the Arabic numeral system was used by a large population. West Arabic numerals A distinctive "West Arabic" variant of the symbols begins to emerge in ca. the 10th Century in the Maghreb and Al-Andalus , called the ''ghubar'' ("sand-table" or "dust-table") numerals. The first mentions of the numerals in the West are found in the Codex Vigilanus of , Gerbert Of Aurillac began to spread knowledge of the numerals in Europe. Gerbert studied in Barcelona in his youth, and he is known to have requested mathematical treatises concerning the Astrolabe from Lupitus Of Barcelona after he had returned to France. Adoption in Europe Thott, 1459 ). At this time, knowledge of the numerals was still widely seen as esoteric, and Talhoffer teaches them together with the Hebrew Alphabet and Astrology .]] of Uppsala cathedral, with two clockfaces, one with Arabic and one with Roman numerals.]] Al-Khwarizmi's 825 treatise ''On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals'' was translated into Latin in the 12th Century , as ''Algoritmi de numero Indorum'' (''Algoritmi'' being the translator's rendition of the author's name, '''', ultimately leading to the term Algorithm ). Fibonacci , an Italian mathematician who had studied in Bejaia ( Bougie ), Algeria , promoted the Arabic numeral system in Europe with his book '' Liber Abaci '', which was published in 1202 , still describing the numerals as "Indian" rather than "Arabic". :"When my father, who had been appointed by his country as public notary in the customs at Bugia acting for the Pisan merchants going there, was in charge, he summoned me to him while I was still a child, and having an eye to usefulness and future convenience, desired me to stay there and receive instruction in the school of accounting. There, when I had been introduced to the art of the Indians' nine symbols through remarkable teaching, knowledge of the art very soon pleased me above all else and I came to understand it.." The numerals are arranged with their lowest value digit to the right, with higher value positions added to the left. This arrangement was adopted identically into the numerals as used in Europe. The Latin alphabet running from left to right, unlike the Arabic alphabet, this resulted in an inverse arrangement of the place-values relative to the direction of reading. The European acceptance of the numerals was accelerated by the invention of the , and for numbers on clockfaces. Sometimes, Roman numerals are still used for enumeration of lists (as an alternative to alphabetical enumeration), and numbering pages in prefatory material in books. ENCODINGS The Arabic numerals are encoded in ASCII (and Unicode ) at positions 48 to 57: SEE ALSO REFERENCES
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