The , officially known as the '''Games of the XI Olympiad''', were held in
1936 in
Berlin ,
Germany . Berlin's bid was preferred over
Barcelona by the
IOC in April, 1931. Although awarded before the
Nazi Party came to power in Germany, the government saw the Olympics as a golden opportunity to promote their
Nazi ideology. Film-maker
Leni Riefenstahl , a favorite of Hitler, was commissioned to film the Games. The film, titled ''
Olympia '', was arguably a piece of
Propaganda , but originated many of the techniques now commonplace to the filming of sports. The Berlin Olympics also saw the introduction to the ceremonies of the Olympic Torch bringing the
Olympic Flame by relay from
Olympia . While Germany dominated the games, the many triumphs by citizens of other nations were seen as a rebuke to racist Nazi philosophies. In particular, the black sprinter and long jumper
Jesse Owens won four gold medals. The tale of Hitler snubbing Owens at the ensuing medal ceremony is, however, untrue. Hitler had personally congratulated a few German and
Finnish athletes at other times, but didn't specifically snub any athlete.
Anti-fascist s planned to host a "
People's Olympiad " in
Barcelona at the
Estadi Olímpic De Montjuïc (now Estadi Olímpic Lluis Companys) as an alternative games to protest the Berlin Olympics but this was cancelled due to the outbreak of the
Spanish Civil War . In
1992 Barcelona
Hosted the games in the same
Olympic Stadium .
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together with
Adolf Hitler at the Olympic Games in Berlin, 1936]]
- Before the Games, the IOC expelled American Ernest Lee Jahnke , the son of a German immigrant, for encouraging athletes to boycott the games. He was replaced by United States Olympic Committee president Avery Brundage , who supported the Games.
- In the cycling match sprint finals, the German Toni Merkens fouled Arie Van Vliet of the Netherlands . Instead of disqualification he was fined 100 marks and kept his gold.
- Black American Jesse Owens won four gold medals in the sprint and Long Jump events. His German competitor Lutz Long had offered Owens advice after he almost failed qualifying in the long jump and was posthumously awarded the Pierre De Coubertin Medal for sportsmanship.
- Rie Mastenbroek of the Netherlands won three gold medals and a silver in Swimming .
- Rower Jack Beresford won his fifth Olympic medal in the sport, and his third gold medal.
- The U.S. eight-man rowing team from the University Of Washington won the gold medal by coming from behind to defeat the Germans and Italians with Adolf Hitler in attendance.
- The Olympic Flame was used for the second time at these games, but they marked the first time it was brought to the Olympic Town by a torch relay, with the starting point in Olympia, Greece .
- The games were the first to have live Television coverage, Telefunken and Fernseh broadcast over seventy hours of coverage to specially made screens throughout the city.
- Basketball and Handball made their debut at the Olympics, both as outdoor sports. Handball would not appear again on the program until 1972 .
- German gymnasts Konrad Frey and Alfred Schwarzmann both won three gold medals.
- In the Marathon two Korea n athletes -- Sohn Kee-chung and Nam Sung-yong -- won medals, running for Japan and under Japanese names. Japan had annexed Korea in 1910 .
- In the quarter-finals of the Football tournament, Peru beat Austria 4-2 in extra-time, but a replay was ordered as Peruvian fans stormed the pitch during the match. The Peruvian team withdrew in protest, while Austria went on to receive the silver medal.
- The Republic Of China 's Three Principles Of The People was chosen the best national anthem of the games.
- The host country had a stellar year in the Equestrian events, winning individual and team gold in all three disciplines, as well as individual silver in dressage.
- Basketball was added to the Olympic program. In the final, the United States beat Canada 19-8. The contest was played outdoors on a dirt court in driving rain. Due to the quagmire, the teams could not dribble and the score was held to a minimum. High scorer in the game was Joe Fortenbury for the U.S. with 7 points. There were no seats for spectators and the nearly 1000 in attendance had to stand in the rain.
- German Communist Werner Seelenbinder had planned to win the wrestling event and make a vulgar gesture at Hitler, but instead came in fourth.
- Despite being from non-fascist countries the Canadian , the British and the French Olympic Team saluted Hitler (in a gesture of friendship) during opening ceremonies. The Canadian team later revealed that it was in fact performing the traditional Olympic salute, as a means to "take it back" from Hitler.
- Italy 's football team continued their dominance of the sport, winning the gold medal in these Olympics between their two consecutive World Cup victories ( 1934 and 1938 ). Much like with the successes of German athletes, this triumph was claimed by supporters of Benito Mussolini 's regime as a vindication of the superiority of the Fascist system.
(''Host nation in .'')
''"The sportive, knightly battle awakens the best human characteristics. It doesn't separate, but unites the combatants in understanding and respect. It also helps to connect the countries in the spirit of peace. That's why the Olympic Flame should never die."''
( Adolf Hitler , commenting on the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games)
